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The HTLV-1 virus, also known as Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type I, is a relatively rare infection mainly prevalent in Japan, the Caribbean, Central Africa, and South America. Known ocular manifestations in infected individuals include malignant eye infiltration in Adult T-cell Leukemia (ATL) patients, retinal degeneration, ocular neuropathy, dry keratoconjunctivitis in HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients, and HTLV-1 Uveitis (HU).
The scope of HTLV-1 associated ocular diseases is expanding, with ocular lesions or tumors possibly arising from immunoregulatory abnormalities during the disease course. Genetic and environmental factors may play a role in the ocular presentations of HTLV-1 in different populations.
The HTLV-1 virus was first discovered in 1980 and belongs to the Retroviridae family, specifically the RNA tumor virus subfamily and the mammalian C-type virus. It was the first retrovirus found to be associated with human diseases. HTLV-1 is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusion, mother-to-child vertical transmission, and breastfeeding. Diagnosis mainly relies on serological testing methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), particle agglutination, immunofluorescence, Western blot, and radioimmunoprecipitation. It is predominantly prevalent in Japan, the Caribbean, Central Africa, and South America. It has been reported that the seropositivity rate in southwestern Japan has been as high as 37%, significantly exceeding other areas such as the Caribbean (2%-6%), Brazil (0.08%-1.8%), and non-endemic areas like the United States (0.02%).
Similar to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which was previously thought to be HTLV-3, the primary target cells of HTLV-1 are CD4 T cells. HTLV-1 is definitively associated with the following diseases: Adult T-cell Leukemia (ATL), which is a malignant tumor of CD4 lymphocytes; HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a demyelinating disorder of the spinal cord; and HTLV-1 Uveitis (HU), a type of uveitis with unclear etiology carried by HTLV-1. Among these, HU is the most common. Additionally, HTLV-1 is believed to be associated with various inflammatory diseases, including infantile eczema, alveolitis, polymyositis, arthritis, and Sjogren's syndrome.
It is a virus that can potentially lead to cancer.
HTLV-1病毒，又称人类T淋巴细胞白血病病毒Ⅰ型。感染比较少见，主要流行于日本、加勒比海地区、中非和南美洲。已知感染者主要眼部表现包括成人T细胞白血病（ATL）患者的眼部恶性浸润、视网膜变性、眼部神经病变，HTLV-1相关性脊髓病/热带痉挛性瘫痪（HAM/TSP）患者的干燥性角结膜炎及HTLV-1葡萄膜炎（HU）等。
HTLV-1相关性眼部病变的范围正在扩大，病程中可能出现免疫调节失常引起的眼部病变或眼部肿瘤，遗传和环境因素可能在不同人群中HTLV-1患者的眼部表现起一定作用。
HTLV-1病毒于1980年首次发现，属于逆转录病毒科RNA肿瘤病毒亚科哺乳类C型病毒，是第一个被发现与人类疾病相关的逆转录病毒。HTLV-1主要经性接触、输血、母婴垂直和母乳喂养等方式传播[1]。诊断主要依赖血清学检测方法，常用的有酶联免疫吸附试验、颗粒凝集、免疫荧光、免疫印迹和放射免疫沉淀检测等。HTLV-1主要流行于日本、加勒比海地区、中非和南美洲。据报道日本西南部血清阳性率曾高达37%，远远超过其他地区，如加勒比海（2%～6%）、巴西（0.08%～1.8%）及美国（0.02%）等非流行地区。
与人类免疫缺陷病毒HIV（以前被认为是HTLV-3）相似，HTLV-1的主要靶细胞也是CD4 T细胞。HTLV-1与下列疾病关系确切：成人T细胞白血病（ATL），是一种CD4 淋巴细胞恶性肿瘤；HTLV-1相关性脊髓病/热带痉挛性瘫痪（HAM/TSP），是一种脊髓脱髓鞘病变；HTLV-1葡萄膜炎（HU），是一种以HTLV-1为载体的病因未明的葡萄膜炎[1]。其中以HU最为多见。另外，HTLV-1还被认为与一些炎性疾病相关，包括幼儿皮炎、肺泡炎、多发性肌炎、关节炎和Sjogren综合征等。
它是一种可能导致癌症的病毒。